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Thursday, July 26, 2007

NOKIA SECRETS

Nokia CODES DESCRIPTIONS *3370# Activate Enhanced Full Rate Codec (EFR) - Your phone uses the best sound quality but talk time is reduced my approx. 5% #3370# Deactivate Enhanced Full Rate Codec (EFR) *#4720# Activate Half Rate Codec - Your phone uses a lower quality sound but you should gain approx 30% more Talk Time *#4720# Deactivate Half Rate Codec *#0000# Displays your phones software version, 1st Line : Software Version, 2nd Line : Software Release Date, 3rd Line : Compression Type *#9999# Phones software version if *#0000# does not work *#06# For checking the International Mobile Equipment Identity (IMEI Number) #pw+1234567890+1# Provider Lock Status. (use the "*" button to obtain the "p,w" and "+" symbols) #pw+1234567890+2# Network Lock Status. (use the "*" button to obtain the "p,w" and "+" symbols) #pw+1234567890+3# Country Lock Status. (use the "*" button to obtain the "p,w" and "+" symbols) #pw+1234567890+4# SIM Card Lock Status. (use the "*" button to obtain the "p,w" and "+" symbols) *#147# (vodafone) this lets you know who called you last *#1471# Last call (Only vodofone) *#21# Allows you to check the number that "All Calls" are diverted to *#2640# Displays security code in use *#30# Lets you see the private number *#43# Allows you to check the "Call Waiting" status of your phone. *#61# Allows you to check the number that "On No Reply" calls are diverted to *#62# Allows you to check the number that "Divert If Unreachable (no service)" calls are diverted to *#67# Allows you to check the number that "On Busy Calls" are diverted to *#67705646# Removes operator logo on 3310 & 3330 *#73# Reset phone timers and game scores *#746025625# Displays the SIM Clock status, if your phone supports this power saving feature "SIM Clock Stop Allowed", it means you will get the best standby time possible *#7760# Manufactures code *#7780# Restore factory settings *#8110# Software version for the nokia 8110 *#92702689# Displays - 1.Serial Number, 2.Date Made, 3.Purchase Date, 4.Date of last repair (0000 for no repairs), 5.Transfer User Data. To exit this mode you need to switch your phone off then on again *#94870345123456789# Deactivate the PWM-Mem **21*number# Turn on "All Calls" diverting to the phone number entered **61*number# Turn on "No Reply" diverting to the phone number entered **67*number# Turn on "On Busy" diverting to the phone number entered 12345 This is the default security code press and hold # Lets you switch between lines *#3283# or *#DATE# Date of Manufacture *#682371158412125# Software Version

CIGARATTE INFORMATION

 "Be Smart , Don't Start"



n i d o k i d o s

n i d o k i d o s
n i d o k i d o s
n i d o k i d o s
n i d o k i d o s

Sunday, July 22, 2007

REMEMBERING TRUE INDIAN HERO







Remembering True Indian hero........ ......... ........

Image hosting by TinyPic


      Late Mr. Surjan Singh Bhandari  

      N.S.G. Commando

During The Attack on Akshardham temple on 24th September 2002 this Brave Man fought the greatest battle of his life. Yes he was the N.S.G. Commando Late Mr. Surjan Singh , who sacrificed his life for the Nation. Sadly On 19th May 2004 he lost the Toughest an d Longest battle against life exactly after 600 Days being in Coma, he lost this life.

The Bullet which hit him in the head made him Unconscious for almost 600 days. His family members were hoping that one day their Hero will open his eyes but he didn't.


It was the Longest Wait for the family members of this Brave Man. When the whole India was busy in Guessing Who will be the Next PM of the country - Will it be Sonia or will it be Manmohan Singh, This man was fighting his Last battle. But it's so sad that in the hype of all the Political Drama, the News about his Death was Lost like a needle in a hay stack! Even the leading News Papers & So Called Best News Channels of India which Works on 24 X 7 basis, failed to highlight this story of the Brave Man. Unfortunately it was mentioned somewhere on the middle page of some newspaper... ..This was the Reward for the Brave task for which he lost his life.


Besides his Family members, only one thing was there with him during those toughest 600 days. It was there near his bed till the last Moment. Can you guess what it was?........ ....... It was the

 

"Tiranga", yes! Our National Flag, which was saluting him for his Great cause. Absolutely No words can suffice our Gratitude towards him...

Saturday, July 21, 2007

A COMPLETE SOLUTION FOR INDIA AND WORLD



MAHATMA GANDHI - A complete solution for INDIA and WORLD


Happy Gandhi Jayanti ! Happy Dusshera and Glorious Vijaydasami!

 

My goal is friendship with the world and I can combine the greatest love with the greatest opposition to wrong...”- Mahatma Gandhi


Mahatma Gandhi, the Missing Laureate…

Mohandas Gandhi (1869-1948) has become the strongest symbol of non-violence in the 20th century.

 

"Gandhi continues what the Buddha began. In the Buddha the spirit of love set itself the task of creating different spiritual conditions in the world; in Gandhi it undertakes to transform all worldly conditions." - Albert Schweitzer


 


MY INSIGHTS : WE SALUTE YOU ……INDIA SALUTES YOU  ……WORLD SALUTE YOU …


 

FOR  IMPLEMENTATION OF TIMELESS WISDOM OF COSMIC PRINCIPLES  AT PLATFORM OF ACTIONS….

 

1].Redefine Nobel prize : Nobel prize for Gandhi or Gandhi for Nobel prize ! a simple question?

 

2].Reinvent Innovation : very simple mantras “Satyagraha & Ahimsa” but very very powerful weapons than any types of weapons existing in the world ( at level of root cause )

 

3].Reengineering Religion : Religion is about “Truth & Love”.

 

4].Reinvent Ledership : Leadership at Indian context and at global context ! a true example of Level 5 Leadership – “Personal Humility + Professional Will” simultaneouly.

 


 

6].Redefine Education : The purpose of education is to bring out the best in you” : Relevent , practical & moral educationHolistic development of children.

 

7].Redefine Management : Undersatnding yourself , your people , your enemies- competitors , your customers – people ,  your nation & world …..very clearly , very simple , very relevent & contextual to enviroments & conditions.

 

8].Reinvent Strategy : Confront the reality – “Descipline people , descipline thougts & Descipline actions” – self evoloving & organic in nature which is very suitable to indian complex enviroments & conditions.

 

9].Reinvent Execution :Think at bottom the pyramid and A Proper alignment of strategy to operation &  people  …Actions …Actions….Actions! a final answer.

 

Warm regards & thanks...

Ajay Singh Niranjan


 

Generations to come will scarce believe that such a one as this walked the earth in flesh and blood. - Albert Einstein

 

The Sacred Warrior
The liberator of South Africa looks at the seminal work of the liberator of India

 

No Ordinary Leader — Divinely Inspired

 

He was no ordinary leader. There are those who believe he was divinely inspired, and it is difficult not to believe with them. He dared to exhort nonviolence in a time when the violence of Hiroshima and Nagasaki had exploded on us; he exhorted morality when science, technology and the capitalist order had made it redundant; he replaced self-interest with group interest without minimizing the importance of self. In fact, the interdependence of the social and the personal is at the heart of his philosophy. He seeks the simultaneous and interactive development of the moral person and the moral society.

 

His philosophy of Satyagraha is both a personal and a social struggle to realize the Truth, which he identifies as God, the Absolute Morality. He seeks this Truth, not in isolation, self-centeredly, but with the people. He said, "I want to find God, and because I want to find God, I have to find God along with other people. I don't believe I can find God alone. If I did, I would be running to the Himalayas to find God in some cave there. But since I believe that nobody can find God alone, I have to work with people. I have to take them with me. Alone I can't come to Him."


 

Person of the Century Runner-Up: Mohandas Gandhi
In an age of empire and military might, he proved that the powerless had power and that force of arms would not forever prevail against force of spirit

 

The Mahatma, the Great Soul, endures in the best part of our minds, where our ideals are kept: the embodiment of human rights and the creed of nonviolence. Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi is something else, an eccentric of complex, contradictory and exhausting character most of us hardly know. It is fashionable at this fin de siecle to use the man to tear down the hero, to expose human pathologies at the expense of larger-than- life achievements. No myth raking can rob Gandhi of his moral force or diminish the remarkable importance of this scrawny little man. For the 20th century — and surely for the ones to follow — it is the towering myth of the Mahatma that matters.


 

Gandhi's Daily Resolution

Let the first act of every morning be to make the following resolve  for the day
I shall not fear anyone on earth
I shall fear only God
I shall not bear ill toward anyone
I shall not submit to injustice from anyone
I shall conquer untruth by truth
And in resisting untruth, I shall put up with all suffering


 


Be the change you want to see in the world”- Mahatma Gandhi



 


















[ If Problem exists .....Solution can not wait ...Think & Try ]

NEW DELHI                 "I AM STILL LEARNING" .....Gireesh  

BEAWARE



Looking at the rising complaints against ICICI Bank, Citibank, and Standard Chartered Bank , we request consumers to properly read their documents and keep a record when dealing with these banks, especially regarding credit card and housing loan. These three banks are biggest defaulters and do not resolve consumer problems easily. Be aware of their terms in writing. Keep a perfect record of all correspondence with them. If they do not agree to written communication, immediately stop their services. If you ask some nationalised bank to take over the housing loan from ICICI Bank, even after paying full amount, you will not get back your original documents for months.  You will be told that the documents are in Mumbai and they are trying to retrieve the same.  This is the answer you get everyday.


BEWARE OF NOKIA


Nokia assures that their handset is covered under insurance. They even provide a certificate of insurance. But the condition is that if the handset is lost/stolen, you have to lodge an FIR to seek claims. The catch here is that the police station does not lodge FIR for loss of handsets, they only register NC. So you will never get insurance claims on basis of NC.
Nokia is selling some of its degraded products that have software problems. If you come across such problem in a new set, do not waste your time in running around service centres as it is not going to help much, ask for a replacement with a new set.  All those who have purchased 3230 set, have experienced that there was software problem in every set.  Nokia is simply dumping the sets, which can not be sold in other countries.  


BEWARE OF AIR DECCAN


Their confirmed bookings are highly unreliable and of no guarantee that you will be allowed to fly . The booked tickets get cancelled without intimation to consumer only to be known by him when he goes to the airport to catch his flight.  You will not get refund immediately, if you have booked your ticket through credit card.  If you call up their call centre, if you press numbers relating to refund, you will not be attended at all even if you try for hours together.  If you talk to somebody regarding refund, you have to press options relating to ticket booking, so that someone will attend to you.  Then you can ask for refund.  They are following very good trick.  


BEWARE OF COUNTRY CLUB, BANGALORE


They advertise that if you take their membership, a plot of land will be given free of cost near Golden Spa at Coconut Grove. Please note Golden Spa is 35 Kms from Bangalore and the said plot of land is over 100 Kms from Bangalore. Based on false promises and with arrangement with Citibank and ICICI Bank, this team cheats the consumers of his money by asking payments through credit card.


BEWARE OF PRIVATE BUS OPERATORS/TRAVEL AGENTS


If you book your ticket in a private bus operator, you will find that your seat is allotted to somebody else also.  Many a times, though you have booked your ticket to some destination, you will dropped few kilometres away, if there are not enough passengers for your destination.  Then you will have to depend on other services to reach your destination.  Keep the records/proofs and give a complaint to the nearest police station, when you come back.  If you find that the police is supporting the travel agent, immediately inform his higher ups or give a complaint to consumer forum.   Always try to use government transportation services.  They may be bad in service but will never cheat you.


BOOK TELESALES & RECOVERY AGENTS


If you receive unwanted advertisement / telemarketing call from any company or recovery agents. You will find it annoying especially when you are on roaming network.  Ask their telephone number and report to the police. File a police complaint against the Chairman of the company.


BEWARE OF SOME HOSPITALS


If you happen to get admitted (or admit your family person/friend/ relative) for any operation in any hospital, keep all the records.  Even if the doctor scribbles any information on a piece of paper and give it you, please keep it with you.  In future, for your bad luck, if some adverse thing happens due to wrong dialysis or wrong operation, these things will come handy to fight it in a court.  Please be clear that consumer forums are not of much help to you because they do not have good doctors in their panel.  Many a times they do not have any doctors in their panel and even if they have, a doctor in the panel will try to help a doctor.  In such a case you will have to fight tooth and nail.  Hence keep all the records/proofs with you carefully.  


BEWARE OF TATAINDICOM BROADBAND and WIRELESS FIXED TELEPHONE


Their promises to get you a broadband connection within a week is not to be relied upon. Once your money is stuck (about Rs. 2000), it takes lot of pains to recover it back.  If you book Wireless fixed telephone, the Tataindicom sales person will tell you that you can send/receive fax, send/receive e-mails in other service providers' account also (for example vsnl, touchtel etc).  Once you install the telephone, you will find that the instrument can not support fax machine even if connected through EPABX, you will find that you can receive e-mails in other accounts and can not send e-mails at all.  You have to send e-mails only through Tataindicom e-mail service.


CAREFUL WHEN DEALING WITH THESE COMPANIES / PRODUCTS


LIST OF WORST COMPANIES AGAINST WHOM WE RECEIVE COMPLAINTS VERY FREQUENTLY


AIRLINES: Air Deccan
BANKS:
ICICI bank, Citibank, Standard Chartered Bank
BUILDERS:
Parimiti Buildcon (Thane), Madras City Co-op Bldg. Soc (Chennai)
CARS:
Tata motors, Hyundai
CREDIT CARDS:
SBI credit card, Citibank, Standard Chartered
CELLPHONE SERVICES:
Tata Indicom Broadband, Airtel, BPL mobile
HOME APPLIANCES:
Videocon,  
HOME BUSINESS:
Kenya Star Tea
INSURANCE:
National Insurance Co., New India Assurance, generally all private/Multination al Insurance Companies  
MOBILE PHONES:
Nokia 6260, 3230  
TIMESHARE:
Royal Goan Beach Club (Goa), Happy Home Constructions (Bangalore), Country Club India Ltd. (Bangalore)
TRANSPORTERS:
Sky Packers and Movers (Mumbai), Packways Pvt. Ltd.(Mumbai) , Sai Packers and Movers (Mumbai)


ARE U BEING HARASSED BY CONSUMER COURTS?


WE ARE GATHERING INFORMATION ON CORRUPT JUDGES, REGISTRARS & CLERKS


We have received many complaints from consumers that they are being harassed in the consumer courts when they go there to submit consumer complaint and attend hearings. They are not being served properly by the clerks, and the judges keep on giving hearing dates without arriving to judgment. These acts are contrary to the purpose of setting up of consumer courts that were basically meant to help the consumers. Please inform us if you have experienced or witnessed harassment or corruption. Inform us the exact time, date, and location of the incident in writing through duly signed letter. Your details will not be disclosed on this website, but you should be ready to co-operate when action against these people is initiated by nabbing them through proper channel.
For further clarifications you may contact:
Sri.ARUN SAXENA

International Consumer Rights Protection Council
B-9/55, Vijay Nagari,

P.O. Kasarvadavali,
Thane (West) 400601
Mumbai - India

MATHS MADE EASY


Three is equal to four


Theorem: 3=4
Proof:

Suppose:
a + b = c

This can also be written as:
4a - 3a + 4b - 3b = 4c - 3c

After reorganizing:
4a + 4b - 4c = 3a + 3b - 3c

Take the constants out of the brackets:
4 * (a+b-c) = 3 * (a+b-c)

Remove the same term left and right:
4 = 3


Dollars equal cents


Theorem: 1$ = 1c.
Proof:
And another that gives you a sense of money disappearing.

1$ = 100c
= (10c)^2
= (0.1$)^2
= 0.01$
= 1c








Dollars equal ten cents


Theorem: 1$ = 10 cent
Proof:
We know that $1 = 100 cents
Divide both sides by 100
$ 1/100 = 100/100 cents
=> $ 1/100 = 1 cent
Take square root both side
=> squr($1/100) = squr (1 cent)
=> $ 1/10 = 1 cent
Multiply both side by 10
=> $1 = 10 cent



N equals N plus one


^2 means raised to the power 2 or squared

Theorem: n=n+1

Proof:
(n+1)^2 = n^2 + 2*n + 1

Bring 2n+1 to the left:
(n+1)^2 - (2n+1) = n^2

Substract n(2n+1) from both sides and factoring, we have:
(n+1)^2 - (n+1)(2n+1) = n^2 - n(2n+1)

Adding 1/4(2n+1)^2 to both sides yields:
(n+1)^2 - (n+1)(2n+1) + 1/4(2n+1)^2 = n^2 - n(2n+1) + 1/4(2n+1)^2

This may be written:
[ (n+1) - 1/2(2n+1) ]^2 = [ n - 1/2(2n+1) ]^2

Taking the square roots of both sides:
(n+1) - 1/2(2n+1) = n - 1/2(2n+1)

Add 1/2(2n+1) to both sides:
n+1 = n


All numbers are equal


^2 means raised to the power 2 or squared

Theorem: All numbers are equal.
Proof: Choose arbitrary a and b, and let t = a + b. Then

a + b = t
(a + b)(a - b) = t(a - b)
a^2 - b^2 = ta - tb
a^2 - ta = b^2 - tb
a^2 - ta + (t^2)/4 = b^2 - tb + (t^2)/4
(a - t/2)^2 = (b - t/2)^2
a - t/2 = b - t/2
a = b

So all numbers are the same, and maths is pointless.

Friday, July 20, 2007

INDIAN PRESIDENTS















































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































NAME: Dr Rajendra Prasad









 




BORN: December 3, 1884
 
DIED: February 28, 1963




PRESIDENCY: January 26, 1950 to May 13, 1962









 




India 's first President was born in the Saran district of North Bihar. Prasad spent his childhood listening to tales from the Ramayana, and the epic had a profound influence on his life. A brilliant student, he studied in the Presidency College, Calcutta, and topped in Master of Arts and Master of Law at the Calcutta University. He joined the Indian National Congress while practising Law in Calcutta in 1911. Even though he made his mark as a lawyer, he was deeply influenced by Gandhi, and plunged himself into the freedom struggle. Prasad emerged as the Man Friday of the Indian National Congress during the course of the freedom movement and was called upon to handle important assignments. He twice became the president of the Congress in 1934 and 1939. Prasad emerged as the only choice for presidency after the country became a Republic in 1950. As the President, he influenced and moulded policies to a large extent and set numerous precedents for his successors. When it came to relinquishing office in 1962, after being the First Citizen of India for 12 long years, Prasad did not bat an eyelid, despite persuasions from all quarters. The nation befittingly awarded him with a Bharat Ratna.








Second President












NAME: Dr. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan









BORN: September 5, 1888

DIED: April 17, 1975



PRESIDENCY: May 13, 1962 to May 13, 1967









 




Best known as a philosopher, statesman, writer, educationist, humanist and administrator, Radhakrishnan was born in a middle class Hindu family in Tirutani in the then Madras State. Despite being orthodox, his parents had a vision for their son and sent him to Christain missionary schools and colleges, such as Lutheran Mission School, Tirupati; Vellore College, Vellore; and Madras Christian College. He took up Philosophy at the graduation level in Madras University and went on to master the subject. It was because of him that Indian philosophy is today accorded respect in the West. Throughout his glorious career, Radhakrishnan held numerous important academic, cultural and political posts, both in India and abroad, such as Vice-Chancellor of Andhra University, Spaulding Professor of Eastern Religion and Ethics, Oxford University, Leader of the Indian Delegation to UNESCO, Ambassador-Extraord inary and Minister-Plenipoten tiary to the U.S.S.R., etc. He was also showered with notable honorary degrees and distinctions that include Knighthood, Fellow of the British Academy, the Order of Merit and the Bharat Ratna. He has written extensively on philosophical, theological, ethical, educational, social and cultural subjects. Twice the Vice-President of India, Radhakrishnan became the President after Dr. Rajendra Prasad. His birthday is celebrated as Teacher's Day throughout India.









Third President












NAME: Dr. Zakir Hussain









BORN: February 8, 1897




DIED: May 3, 1969




PRESIDENCY: May 13, 1967 to May 3, 1969









 




An educator, Zakir Hussain was born in Hyderabad. He studied at Islam High School, Etawah, Uttar Pradesh, and later at the Anglo-Muhammadan Oriental College (now known as Aligarh Muslim University). He also founded the Jamia Millia Islamia University in Delhi. After coming back from Germany, where he had gone for higher studies, Hussain became the Vice-Chancellor of Jamia. He held several posts as Chairman, Central Board of Secondary Education, a member of the University Grants Commission and a member of the University Education Commission. Hussain served as the Vice-President from 1962 to 1967 and then went on to grace Rashtrapati Bhavan as the third President. The first President to die while in office, he was awarded the Padma Vibhushan in 1954 and the Bharat Ratna in 1963.









Fourth President












NAME: Varahagiri Venkata Giri









 




BORN: August 10, 1894




DIED: June 23, 1980




PRESIDENCY: May 3, 1969 to July 20, 1969 and August 24, 1969 to August 24, 1974









 




A prolific writer and a good orator, India's fourth President was born in Berhampur in the Ganjam district of Orissa (then a part of the Madras Presidency). A Telegu by birth, he went to the University of Dublin, Ireland, for higher studies. He soon got absorbed into the freedom struggle in Ireland. Back home, he took active interest in the labour movement and was responsible for forming the All India Trade Union Congress. While taking active participation in the freedom movement, Giri joined the Indian National Congress and mobilised the trade unions in support of the freedom struggle. He was elected to the Parliament in 1952. Thereafter, Giri served as Governor of Uttar Pradesh, Kerala and Mysore from 1957 to 1967. He became the Vice-President in 1967. Giri had to officiate as President as the then incumbent Dr. Zakir Hussain passed away while in office. He was finally elected the President in 1969. Giri received the Bharat Ratna in 1975.









Fifth President












NAME: Dr. Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed









 




BORN: May 13, 1905




DIED: February 11, 1977




PRESIDENCY: August 24, 1974 to February 11, 1977









 




A man of many abilities, Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed was born on May 13, 1905 in the Hauz Qazi area of Old Delhi. He received his primary education from Bonda Government High School, Uttar Pradesh, and did his matriculation from the Delhi Government High School, then under the Punjab University. Later, he joined the Catherine College, Cambridge University, and was called to the Bar from Inner Temple of London. Ahmed joined the Indian National Congress in 1931 and took active part in the freedom struggle. He became part of the Central Cabinet after Independence and held important portfolios. The country's fifth President could not complete his term due to a fatal heart attack.









Sixth President












NAME: Neelam Sanjiva Reddy









 




BORN: May 18, 1913




DIED: June 1, 1996




PRESIDENCY: July 25, 1977 to July 25, 1982









 




India 's sixth President was born in the Anantpur district of Andhra Pradesh. After completing his primary education at Theosophical High School at Adyar in Madras, Reddy went to Government's Arts College at Anantpur for higher studies. He plunged into the freedom movement in 1931, participating in various nationalist activities. Reddy became the chief minister of the then newly-formed state of Andhra Pradesh in 1956, and later from 1962 to 1964. He served in the cabinet of prime ministers Lal Bahadur Shastri and Indira Gandhi. Twice elected as the Lok Sabha Speaker (1967 and 1977), Reddy became the President in 1977 after winning the elections hands down as an unopposed candidate.









Seventh President












NAME: Giani Zail Singh









 




BORN: May 5, 1916




DIED: December 25, 1994




PRESIDENCY: July 25, 1982 to July 25, 1987









 




A man of the masses and the only Sikh President of India till date, Zail Singh was born in an agricultural family in village Sandhwan in the then Faridkot State. Hailing from a humble background, Singh showed remarkable acumen in mastering Sikh history and its scriptures. He acquired the epithet of `Giani` because of his scholarly abilities. After leading the fight against feudalism and participating actively in the freedom movement in Punjab, Singh went on to become the chief minister of the state in 1972. Punjab enjoyed unprecedented peace and prosperity under his leadership. Indira Gandhi inducted him into her cabinet as home minister in 1980. As home minister, Singh utilised his administrative skills to solve many problems that stared in the face of the nation. He was elected to the highest office of India in 1982.









Eighth President












NAME: Ramaswamy Venkataraman









 




BORN: December 4, 1910




PRESIDENCY: July 25, 1987 to July 25, 1992









 




The only living former President, Venkataraman was born in village Rajamadam in the Thanjavur district of Tamil Nadu. He did his Masters in Economics from Madras University and Law from Law College, Madras. As a practising lawyer, he became involved with the Quit India Movement in 1942. Venkataraman was a member of the Constituent Assembly that drafted India`s Constitution. After India became a Republic, he was elected to the Parliament in 1952. Later, he held important portfolios in the Madras Government. Re-elected to the Lok Sabha in 1980, Venkataraman was part of Indira Gandhi`s Cabinet. He was Governor, International Monetary Fund, International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, and the Asian Development Bank. He was elected Vice-President of India in 1984 and became the President in 1987.









Ninth President












NAME: Dr. Shankar Dayal Sharma









 




 




BORN: August 19, 1918




DIED: December 26, 1999







PRESIDENCY: July 25, 1992 to July 25, 1997




 




Born in Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, Sharma studied in St. John's College, Agra; Allahabad University; Lucknow University; Fitzwilliam College, Cambridge University; Lincoln's Inn, London and Harvard Law School, USA. He taught Law at Cambridge University in 1946-47. While in Britain, Sharma took active interest in India's struggle for Independence, and later joined the Indian National Congress. After India became a Republic, Sharma took over as the Chief Minister of Bhopal in 1952 before the state of Madhya Pradesh was formed. He also occupied the posts of the Governor of Andhra Pradesh, Punjab and Maharashtra. Sharma was elected the Vice-President in 1987 and eventually the country's President in 1992. He is credited to have sworn in three prime ministers.




Tenth President







NAME: Kocheril Raman Narayanan




 




BORN: October 27, 1920




DIED: November 9, 2005




PRESIDENCY: July 25, 1997 to July 25, 2002




 




A scholar and a writer, Narayanan was born in village Uzhavoor in Kottayam district of Kerala. He did his Bachelor of Arts and Master of Arts in English Literature from Travancore University, and later went on to study at the London School of Economics. After a stint in journalism, Narayanan joined the Indian Foreign Service in 1949 and served in Rangoon, Tokyo, London, Canberra and Hanoi. He was India's Ambassador to Thailand, Turkey, China, and eventually became Secretary in the Ministry of External Affairs in 1976. After retiring from Foreign Service, Narayanan became the Vice-Chancellor of Jawaharlal Nehru University in 1979. He was India's Ambassador to the United States from 1980 to 1984. Upon entering active politics, Narayanan became a Member of Parliament from 1985 to 1992. During this period, he served as Union Minister of State in the Central Cabinet holding diverse portfolios. Elected to the post of Vice-President in 1992, Narayanan became the President in 1997. The only Dalit, till date, to occupy the highest office of India, Narayanan presided over the Golden Jubilee Celebrations of India's freedom from British rule. He is also the first President to cast his vote in the 1998 General Elections.




Eleventh President







NAME: Dr. Avul Pakir Jainulabdeen Abdul Kalam




 




BORN: October 15, 1931




PRESIDENCY: July 25, 2002 to July 25, 2007




 



One of the most distinguished scientists of India, Abdul Kalam is known as the Missile Man of India. He was born at Rameswaram, in Tamil Nadu, and studied Aeronautical Engineering at the Madras Institute of Technology. Kalam developed India`s first Satellite Launch Vehicle. He also developed and enabled operationalisation of Agni and Prithvi missiles. It was largely because of his efforts that India became a nuclear weapons` country. Befittingly, he has been bestowed with all the three civilian honours of the Nation. The 11th Prez is also credited with many firsts to his credit. He is the first President to be awarded the Bharat Ratna before he occupied Rashtrapati Bhavan, the first scientist to become the President and the first bachelor to be elected to the highest office of the land. He created history by flying the Sukhoi 30, last year.